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Factors that influence Birth Weight

Birth weight is the weight of a baby at birth. It has direct links with the gestational age at which children born and can be estimated during the pregnancy by measuring fundal height. A child born within the normal range of weight for gestational age is known as appropriate for gestational age (AGA).

Those born above or below that range have often had an unusual rate of development of this often indicates complications with pregnancy that may affect the baby or mother.

There have been numerous studies that have attempted, with varying degrees of success, to show links between birth weight and later living conditions, including diabetes, obesity, smoking and intelligence.

A baby born small or large for gestational age (either end) is believed to have an increased risk of obesity in later life. [1] [2] [3]

GH therapy induced a specific dose to catch per day of lean body mass (LBM). However, body fat percentage decreased in subjects treated with GH. Bone mineral density measured by DEXA SDS increased significantly in the group treated with GH compared with untreated subjects, although there is much debate about whether or not SGA is clearly unfavorable to children to justify induction to catch up.

Babies who have low birth weight are thought to have an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes in later life.

Some studies have shown a direct link between birth weight and higher intelligence quotient higher.

There is some evidence of a link between weight at birth of a child and his mother, risk of cardiovascular disease.

Barker Hypothesis is the name of David JP Barker, a researcher at the University of Southampton, who published the theory in 1997.

The theory suggests that reduced fetal growth is strongly associated with a number of chronic conditions later in life. This results in a increased susceptibility of the adaptations made by the fetus in a sandbox in its supply of nutrients. These chronic conditions include heart disease, stroke, diabetes and hypertension.

Large for gestational age (LGA) babies are those whose birth weight is above the 90th percentile for age gestation. Macrosomia, also known as big baby syndrome, is sometimes used synonymously with gestational age, or who is defined as a fetus weighing over 4,000 grams (8 lb 13 oz) or 4,500 grams (9 pounds 15 ounces), regardless of gestational age.

LGA is generally not diagnosed until after birth as the size and weight of child is rarely checked during the late stages of pregnancy. Babies who are large for gestational age during pregnancy can sometimes be seen on routine ultrasound, although estimates of fetal weight in late pregnancy are quite imprecise.

There are believed to be links with polyhydramnios (excess fluid from the amniotic sac).

Small for gestational age (SGA) babies are those whose birth weight is below the 10th percentile for gestational age. They have generally been subject to intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), formerly known as intrauterine growth retardation.

Low birth weight (LBW), is sometimes used synonymously with SGA, or is defined as a fetus that weighs less than 2500 grams (5 pounds 8 ounces), regardless gestational age. Other definitions include very low birth weight (VLBW), which is less than 1500 g, and very low birth weight (ELBW), which is less than 1000 g.

There is 8.1% incidence of low birthweight in developed countries, and from 6 to 30% in developing countries. Much of this can be attributed to the health of the mother during pregnancy. A third of babies born with low birth weight are also small for gestational age.

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